We present an overview of ad hoc routing protocols that make forwarding decisions bosed on the geographical position of a packet's destination. Other than the destination's position, each node need know only its own position and the position of its one-hop neighbors in order to forward packets. Since it is not necessary to maintain explicit routes, position-based routing does scale well even i f the network is highly dynamic. This is a major advantage in a mobile ad hoc network where the topology may change frequently; the main prerequisite for position-based routing is that a sender can obtain the current position of the destination. Therefore, recently proposed location services are discussed in addition to position-based packet forwarding strategies. We provided qualitative comparison of the approaches in both areas and investigate opportunities for future research.

In the last few years there has been considerable research toward extending the Internet architecture to provide quality of service guarantees for the emerging real-time multimedia applications. QoS provision is a rather controversial endeavor. At one end of the spectrum there were proposals for reservations and per-flow state in the routers. These models did not flourish due to the network's heterogeneity, the complexity of the mechanisms involved, and scalability problems. At the other end, proposals advocating that an overprovisioned best effort network will solve all the problems are not quite convincing either. The authors believe that more control is clearly needed for protecting best effort service. An important requirement is to prevent congestion collapse, keep congestion levels low, and guarantee fairness. Appropriate control structures in a best effort service network could even be used for introducing differentiation. This could be achieved without sacrificing the best effort nature of the Internet or stressing its architecture beyond its limits and original design principles. In this article we revisit the best effort service model and the problem of congestion while focusing on the importance of cooperative resource sharing to the Internet's success, and review the congestion control principles and mechanisms which facilitate Internet resource sharing.