The article focuses on the creation of a new behavior out of existing behavior by users by combining programming by example and real-world analogies. In light of the ubiquity of computer networks, the information challenge for end users is no longer about accessing information but about processing it. The direct-manipulation paradigm, popularized in the 1980s, begins to break down when they are unable to directly manipulate sources or their information, such as the location of their files on a haed drive or emails in their inboxes. End user programming is emerging as a crucial instrument in the daily information-processing struggle. Such programming allows customized personal information processing. But few end users have the background, motivation, or time to use traditional programming approaches or the means to hire professional programmers to create programs for them. Simple forms of end-user programming include email filters to clean up email by directing specified emails into separate folders and spreadsheets